Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are increasingly important pathogens infecting the immunocompromised transplant population. NTM are ubiquitous in the environment where they can be found in water, dust, and soil. Although there are over 160 identified species, only a few appear to cause most human infections. Susceptibility profiles vary among and within species. NTM can cause localized infection, often involving the lungs or the skin, as well as disseminated infections. Infection can occur through a primary exposure post transplant, as well as reactivation in a recipient who was colonized or infected prior to transplantation. In addition, nosocomial infections can occur, and donor-derived NTM infections are possible.

This case-based presentation will review the challenges of diagnosing and treating NTM infections in transplant candidates and recipients. The potential impact of NTM infection on patient and allograft survival will be reviewed, and recommendations for improving outcomes will be shared.